LINDA WILLIAMS . DR. WADE ADAMS
A SELF-TEACHING GUIDE
McGraw-HillNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon LondonMadrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San JuanSeoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
 |
| Nanotechnology Demystified |
Linda Williams, M.S., is a nonfi ction writer with expertise and experience in the
fi elds of science, medicine, and space. She was a former lead scientist and/or
technical writer for NASA, McDonnell Douglas, Wyle Labs, and Rice University.
Williams is also the author of Chemistry Demystifi ed, Earth Science Demystifi ed,
and Environmental Science Demystifi ed, all by McGraw-Hill.
Dr. Wade Adams is the Director of the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science
and Technology at Rice University. He has written more than 190 publications,
including several review articles and two edited books.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Illustrations in this book were generated with Microsoft PowerPoint
and Word courtesy of Microsoft Corporation.
National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), Offi ce of Research and
Development (ORD), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and
other governmental agency information has been used as indicated.
A very special thanks to Kristen Kulinowski, Ph.D. (Rice University,
faculty fellow, Executive Director of Education & Policy at the
Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology) for the
technical review of this book and to the Rice University faculty who
provided research images for this work.
Thank you to Wade Adams, Ph.D., director of the Smalley Institute
for Nanoscale Science and Technology for nanotechnology history
and topical discussions.
Many thanks to Judy Bass at McGraw-Hill for her amazing energy
and support despite unseen hurdles and life’s intrusions.
Elisabeth, Paul, Bryn, Evan, and Jack—thank you for your love and encouragement.
Linda Williams
PREFACE
Nanotechnology Demystifi ed is for anyone interested in the nanoscale
world who wants to learn more about this exciting new area. It can
also be used by home-schooled students, tutored students, and those
people wanting to change careers. The material is presented in an
easy-to-follow way and can best be understood when read from beginning
to end. However, if you want more information on specifi c
topics—for example, quantum dots, nanoelectronics, lab-on-a-chip,
and so on—or you want to check out only nanotechnology business
happenings, those chapters can be reviewed individually.
During the course of this book, I have mentioned milestone theories
and accomplishments of many scientists and engineers. I have
highlighted these knowledge leaps to suggest how the questions and
bright ideas of curious people have advanced humankind.
Science is all about curiosity and the desire to fi gure out how
something happens. Nobel Prize winners were once students who
daydreamed about new ways of doing things. They knew that answers
to diffi cult questions had to exist and were stubborn enough to
dig for them. The Nobel Prize in science (actors have Oscar and scientists
have Nobel) has been awarded more than 470 times since
1901. The youngest person to receive the award, physicist W. Lawrence
Bragg, was only 25 years old when he won his Nobel in 1915.
Alfred E. Nobel (1833–1896) held 355 patents for inventions during
his lifetime. After his death, his will outlined the establishment of
an international annual award in fi ve areas (chemistry, physics, physiology/
medicine, literature, and peace) of equal value, “for those
who, in the previous year, have contributed best towards the benefi ts
for humankind.” In 1968, the Nobel Prize for economics was established.
More than 776 Nobel Prizes have been awarded in all areas
since the fi rst prize was given out.
world who wants to learn more about this exciting new area. It can
also be used by home-schooled students, tutored students, and those
people wanting to change careers. The material is presented in an
easy-to-follow way and can best be understood when read from beginning
to end. However, if you want more information on specifi c
topics—for example, quantum dots, nanoelectronics, lab-on-a-chip,
and so on—or you want to check out only nanotechnology business
happenings, those chapters can be reviewed individually.
During the course of this book, I have mentioned milestone theories
and accomplishments of many scientists and engineers. I have
highlighted these knowledge leaps to suggest how the questions and
bright ideas of curious people have advanced humankind.
Science is all about curiosity and the desire to fi gure out how
something happens. Nobel Prize winners were once students who
daydreamed about new ways of doing things. They knew that answers
to diffi cult questions had to exist and were stubborn enough to
dig for them. The Nobel Prize in science (actors have Oscar and scientists
have Nobel) has been awarded more than 470 times since
1901. The youngest person to receive the award, physicist W. Lawrence
Bragg, was only 25 years old when he won his Nobel in 1915.
Alfred E. Nobel (1833–1896) held 355 patents for inventions during
his lifetime. After his death, his will outlined the establishment of
an international annual award in fi ve areas (chemistry, physics, physiology/
medicine, literature, and peace) of equal value, “for those
who, in the previous year, have contributed best towards the benefi ts
for humankind.” In 1968, the Nobel Prize for economics was established.
More than 776 Nobel Prizes have been awarded in all areas
since the fi rst prize was given out.
Nobel wanted to recognize innovative heroes and reward creative
thinking in the quest for knowledge. My hope is that by describing
some of the discoveries changing our understanding of how things
work, you’ll focus your own creative energy toward tackling important
science and engineering questions.
This book provides a general nanotechnology overview with sections
on all the main areas you’ll fi nd in a nanotechnology class or an
individual study of the subject. The basics are covered to familiarize
you with the terms, concepts, and tools most used by nanoscience/
nanotechnology researchers and engineers. I have listed helpful Internet
sites that include up-to-date and fascinating new methods and information.
Throughout the text, I have supplied illustrations to help you visualize
what is happening on the nanotechnology front. You’ll also fi nd
quiz, test, and exam questions throughout the book. All the questions
are multiple choice and much like those used in standardized tests. A
short quiz appears at the end of each chapter. These quizzes are “open
book,” so they should be fairly easy. You can look back at the chapter
text to refresh your memory or check the details of a natural process.
Write down your answers and have a friend, parent, or tutor check
your score with the answers in the back of the book.
This book is divided into four major parts. A multiple-choice test
follows each of these parts. When you have completed a section, you
can take the accompanying test. Take the tests “closed book” when
you are confi dent about your skills on the individual quizzes. Try not
to look back at the text material during the test. The text questions are
no more diffi cult than those of the quizzes, but they serve as a more
complete review. I have thrown in lots of wacky answers to keep you
awake and make the tests fun. A good score is 75 percent or better
correct answers. Remember that all answers are located in the back of the book.
The fi nal exam at the end of the course comprises questions that
are easier than those of the quizzes and tests. Take the exam when
you have fi nished all the chapter quizzes and part tests and feel comfortable
with the material as a whole. A good score on the fi nal exam
is at least 75 percent correct answers.
With all the quizzes, tests, and the fi nal exam, you may want to
have a friend, parent, or tutor tell you your score without telling you
which of the questions you missed. Then you will not be tempted to
memorize the answers to the missed questions, but can instead go
back and see if you missed the point of the idea. When your scores
are where you’d like them to be, go back and check the individual
questions to confi rm your strengths and any areas that need more study.
Try reading through a chapter a week. An hour a day or so will allow
you to take in the information slowly. Don’t rush; just plow
through at a steady rate. Nanotechnology is not diffi cult, but the topic
does involve some thought in deciphering some of its implications.
You may want to linger in a chapter until you have a good handle
on the material and get most of the answers correct before moving on
to the next chapter. If you are particularly interested in public policy,
spend more time reviewing Chapter 11. If you want to learn the latest
about how nanomaterials may be used in environmental remediation,
allow more time to study Chapter 10.
After completing the course and becoming a “nanotechnologistin-
training,” this book can serve as a ready reference guide with its
comprehensive index, appendices, and examples of nanocrystalline
types, biological markers, and potential for quantum computing.
Linda Williams
Screenshot
Purchase Now !
Just with Paypal
Just with Paypal
Product details
Price
|
|
|---|---|
File Size
| 9,008 KB |
Pages
|
362 p |
File Type
|
PDF format |
DOI
| 10.1036/0071460233 |
Copyright
| 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies |
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
PART ONE: DISCOVERY
CHAPTER 1 Buckyball Discovery
In the Beginning 4
Plenty of Room at the Bottom 10
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes 16
Let’s Roll 17
Quiz 19
CHAPTER 2 Nanoscale
Micro vs. Nano 22
Size Matters 24
All About Scale 27
Quiz 32
CHAPTER 3 What Makes Nano Special?
Carbon Forms 35
Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes 37
Nanorods 38
Color 38
Surface Area 39
Quantum Mechanics 40
For more information about this title, click here
Manufacturing 41
Products 42
Quiz 44
CHAPTER 4 Nanoscience Tools
Tools of Discovery 48
Fabrication 58
Theory, Modeling, and Simulation 58
Quiz 63
Part One Test 65
PART TWO: WET APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 5 Biology
Wet/Dry Interface 76
Bioimaging 80
Bionanosensors 83
Affecting the Biological World 88
Quiz 88
CHAPTER 6 Medicine
Treatments 93
Targeting Cancer 97
Bioengineering 101
Nanotoxicity 108
Medicine of the Future 109
Quiz 110
CHAPTER 7 Environment
Pollution 113
Nano to the Rescue 115
Water Purifi cation 115
Nanotechnology and Government Research 120
Environmental Exposure Routes 123
International Council on Nanotechnology 125
Quiz 126
Part Two Test 128
PART THREE: DRY APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 8 Materials
Alchemy 139
Smart Materials 140
Nanocrystalline Materials 143
Nanocrystals 144
Alloys 150
Nanocomposites 151
Nanorings 152
Nanocoatings 154
Nanoshells 155
Catalysts 156
Microcapsules 157
Quiz 159
CHAPTER 9 Electronics and Sensors
Moore’s Law 161
Electronics Competition 170
What’s the Hold Up 173
Uniformity 173
Quantum Effects in Nanoscale Electronics 176
Bionanosensors 177
Biochips 178
Quiz 179
CHAPTER 10 Communications
Quantum Communications 182
Chemical Challenges 184
Size 185
Nano-optics 187
Information Storage 192
Quiz 194
CHAPTER 11 Energy
Energy 198
Availability 201
Alternatives 203
Carbon Nanotubes 210
Research and Development 211
Investment 212
Future of Energy 213
Quiz 213
Part Three Test 216
PART FOUR: FUTURE
CHAPTER 12 Business and Investing
The Players 228
Nanobusiness Alliance 234
Implementation 101 235
What to Watch For 236
Local Nano Hopes 237
International Outlook 238
Nano Forecasts 239
Worth Watching 241
Quiz 241
CHAPTER 13 Nanotoxicity and Public Policy
Nanotechnology and You 245
Solubility and Toxicity 246
Icon 249
Responsible Development 250
Environment, Health, and
Safety Implications 251
Getting the Word Out 254
International Coordination 255
Bottom Line Risks and Benefi ts 256
Quiz 257
CHAPTER 14 From Here to There
The Big Picture 261
Products and Markets 262
Patents 264
Key Applications 265
Nano Worldwide 281
Quiz 284
Part Four Test 286
Final Exam 294
Answers to Quiz, Test, and
Exam Questions 315
APPENDIX 1 Acronyms and Descriptions 321
APPENDIX 2 Companies and Products 325
APPENDIX 3 References 329
Index
●▬▬▬▬▬❂❂❂▬▬▬▬▬●
●▬▬❂❂▬▬●
●▬❂▬●
●❂●
═════● ●═════
