Beginning Programming For Dummies, 3rd Edition

by Wallace Wang

The Fun and Eay Way to Start Programming with Liberty BASIC

Programming a Computer
Learning Programming with Liberty BASIC
Advanced Programming with Liberty BASIC
Dealing with Data Structures
Algorithms: Telling the Computer What to Do
Internet Programming
The Part of Tens
Bonus Chapter: Programming in Python

Beginning Programming For Dummies, 3rd Edition

About the Author
After spending his first two post-college years working for a dead-end corporation
that encouraged its employees to use euphemisms to disguise the fact
that they were manufacturing nuclear weapons with the potential to wipe out
most forms of life on the planet, Wallace Wang decided that his life was meant
to be spent doing something more exciting than existing in a corporate culture
that stifled freedom and democracy while building missiles ostensibly to
protect freedom and democracy. With the thought of escape in his mind, he
bought one of the first IBM personal computers on the market — and quickly
realized that the accompanying computer manuals were completely incomprehensible.
After deciphering the manuals and learning to master the arcane commands
of the ancient MS-DOS version 1.25 operating system, Wallace decided to publish
fragments of his notes in a local computer magazine for the amusement
of others — and to provide an alternative source of income for his eventual
departure from the mentally suffocating environment of the military-industrial complex.

After people began responding favorably to his introductory computer magazine
articles, he continued writing more, eventually turning to writing full-time.
For the first time, he managed to earn a living in a job that didn’t involve developing
something that could blow up people who happen to live in another part of the world.

Today, the author is happily pursuing a dual career in the book publishing
industry and the stand-up comedy industry. His eventual goal is to convince
people that enjoying yourself while learning is all right. In the meantime, he
plans to continue making fun of any idiots and morons who happen to get in his way.

Author’s Acknowledgments
If it weren’t for Matt Wagner and Bill Gladstone at Waterside Productions, I
may never have written this book (and someone else may have). That’s why I
don’t mind paying these guys 15 percent of the book royalties so that they
can afford to buy their groceries.

Additional thanks go to Allen Wyatt (the technical reviewer) for making sure
that everything in this book is accurate, and to Cassandra (my wife) for
putting up with multiple computers that (from her point of view) seem to
spontaneously appear and disappear from the house at random. Each time a
computer disappears, a more advanced model appears that promises more
speed and hard disk space but still never seems to have more speed or as
much room as the previous computer model that it replaced.

A final note of thanks must go to the Chinese and Russians who’ve translated
my other books, Microsoft Office For Dummies and Visual Basic For Dummies.
The Chinese and Russian editions are the only foreign translations of my books
ever to include my previously published references to General Dynamics as a
“bomb factory.” Whether translators in other countries purposely omitted this
humorous reference or whether it’s just a coincidence that only the Chinese
and Russian editions included this reference is unknown.

Still, this fact alone provides an endless source of amusement to think that
Chinese and Russian readers are privy to an American joking about his
country’s nuclear missile factories, while readers in other countries are not.
For that reason alone, the Chinese and Russian translators of my books have
my eternal gratitude and blessing, not because they happen to be Chinese or
Russian, but because they appear to be able to appreciate a joke.


Introduction

First of all, anyone can learn to program a computer. Computer programming

doesn’t require a high IQ and an innate proficiency in advanced

mathematics. Computer programming just requires a desire to learn and the

patience never to give up.

Programming is a skill like swimming, dancing, and juggling. Some people are

naturally better than others, but anyone can get better with constant practice.

That’s why so many kids become programming wizards at such an early

age. The kids aren’t necessarily brilliant; they’re just willing to put in the time

to learn a new skill, and they’re not afraid of failing.

If you ever dreamed about writing your own programs, rest assured that you

can. Programming can be lots of fun, but it can also be frustrating, annoying,

and time-consuming. That’s why Wiley publishes this particular book — to

help you discover how to program a computer with the minimum amount of

inconvenience and the maximum amount of enjoyment.

Whether you want to pick up computer programming for fun, to start a new

career, or to help make your current job easier, consider this book your personal

guide through the sometimes scary — and initially intimidating —

world of computer programming.

After you finish this book, you can choose the best programming language to

accomplish a particular task, understand the tools that programmers use,

and even write your own programs for personal use or for sale to others.

And after you read Beginning Programming For Dummies, 3rd Edition, you

can find more detailed information about specific languages by reading Visual

BASIC.NET For Windows For Dummies, by Wallace Wang; C For Dummies, by

Dan Gookin; Visual C++ .NET For Dummies, by Michael Hyman and Bob

Arnson; C++ For Dummies and C# For Dummies, by Stephen R. Davis;

Beginning Programming with Java For Dummies, by Barry Burd; Windows

Game Programming For Dummies, by Andre LaMothe; or Perl For Dummies,

by Paul Hoffman (all published by Wiley Publishing).

Who Should Buy This Book

Everyone should buy this book right now because you know the importance

of stimulating the economy by spending as much money as possible so the

current President can stay in office another four years. But you should especially

buy this book if you want to know any of the following:

How to write a computer program

The best programming languages to use and why

Shortcuts for programming a computer as simply and quickly as possible

The evolution of computer programming languages

How to program a Macintosh, Palm handheld, Linux, Windows

98/Me/NT/2000/XP, or PocketPC computer

Whether to write your next computer program by using Visual BASIC,

C++, Perl, SmallTalk, C#, or some other programming language

To help you start right away, this book shows you how to use a programming

language by the name of Liberty BASIC, which is a shareware BASIC

compiler that you can download from the Liberty BASIC Web site at www.

libertybasic.com (or copy from the CD that comes with this book). By

using this book and Liberty BASIC, you can start programming right away,

and later, if you want, graduate to the other programming books in the popular For Dummies series.

How This Book Is Organized

This book follows the time-honored tradition of the printing industry by organizing

consecutively numbered pages one after the other to form a book. To

help you find what you need quickly, this book consists of seven parts, where

each part covers a certain topic about programming a computer, as the following

sections describe. Whenever you need help, just flip through the book,

find the part that covers the topic you’re looking for, and then keep the book

at your side as you get back to work.

Part I: Programming a Computer

If computer programming seems a mysterious arcane science, relax. This part

of the book demystifies all the common myths about computer programming,

shows you exactly how computer programs work, and explains why programming

isn’t as difficult as many people think.

To help you better understand programming, this part also shows you how

programming has evolved, why so many different programming languages

exist, and how programming follows easy-to-remember principles so you can

start programming your own computer right away.

Part II: Learning Programming with Liberty BASIC

Trying to pick up programming from a book is like trying to learn judo by

reading a pamphlet. In both cases, you may glean a theoretical understanding

of the subject, but until you actually practice your skill, you don’t know how

much you really picked up.

To give you practical, hands-on experience in using an honest-to-goodness

programming language, this part of the book explains how to install and use

Liberty BASIC so that you can write real computer programs by using the

BASIC programming language. Writing programs in Liberty BASIC helps you

to better understand how programming really works as you work with programs

and see the results right on your own computer.

Part III: Advanced Programming with Liberty BASIC

Liberty BASIC provides plenty of advanced features for displaying graphics,

making sound, and debugging your programs. This part of the book shows

you how to take advantage of these special features and shows you the principles

behind writing programs in other languages at the same time.

Part IV: Dealing with Data Structures

As do people, computers need a place to store information. People usually

dump their information in wallets, purses, filing cabinets, or garages, but

computers don’t have that luxury.

Instead, computers must store information in something known as a data

structure. Every computer program uses data structures, and programmers

invent all sorts of different data structures for various uses. So in this part of

the book, I explain how every program uses data structures and provide

hands-on examples you can try using Liberty BASIC.

Part V: Algorithms: Telling the Computer What to Do

Algorithms are a fancy way of telling a computer how to accomplish a specific

task, step-by-step. Think of an algorithm as a recipe that the computer

blindly follows without question.

One perfect algorithm doesn’t exist for writing all computer programs, just as

one perfect recipe doesn’t exist for making all dinners. To make programming

easier, programmers invent common algorithms for accomplishing certain

tasks. This part of the book explains how those algorithms work and why you

want to use them.

Part VI: Internet Programming

The Internet is an integral part of the computer world, so this part of the

book introduces you to the basics of various Internet languages, including

HTML (which designs the appearance of Web pages), JavaScript, and Java.

In this part, you also see how other people create cool Web pages that look

good and can display forms and respond to users. You can use this information

to create Web sites that interact with users.

Part VII: The Part of Tens

To help gently guide you toward writing your own programs, this part of the

book provides information that you may find useful to take your programming

education a step farther.

This part is where the book shows you many of the opportunities that a

career in programming can offer. In this part, too, you discover where to find

and use various free or commercial programming languages available on the

Internet or on this book’s enclosed CD. Many of these programming languages

sport common names such as C++ and BASIC — or bizarre names

such as LISP, Oberon, and Python.

How to Use This Book

Most people use this book to read, although a few are known to line their

bookshelves with copies to give the room a more literary appearance. You’re

most likely to use this book as a reference, a tutorial, or a weapon (if you can

throw it really hard at somebody you don’t like).

Ideally, you want to use this book along with your computer. Read some of

the book and then try what you just read on your computer so that you can

see with your own eyes how programming works.

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ISBN	0-7645-4997-9
Copyright	2004 by Wiley Publishing, Inc

Table of Contents

Introduction .........

Who Should Buy This Book .....

How This Book Is Organized .......

Part I: Programming a Computer .......

Part II: Learning Programming with Liberty BASIC ..

Part III: Advanced Programming with Liberty BASIC ...

Part IV: Dealing with Data Structures .....

Part V: Algorithms: Telling the Computer What to Do ..

Part VI: Internet Programming ..............................

Part VII: The Part of Tens ..............................

How to Use This Book ......................

Foolish assumptions .................

Icons used in this book ....

Part I: Programming a Computer ...................................7

Chapter 1: Learning Computer Programming for the First Time . . . . . .9

Why Learn Computer Programming? ...........................................................9

How Does a Computer Program Work? ......................................................13

Programming is problem-solving ......................................................14

Programming isn’t difficult; it’s just time-consuming .....................15

What Do I Need to Know to Program a Computer? ..................................16

Chapter 2: All about Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Why So Many Different Programming Languages? ...................................19

The joy of assembly language ............................................................20

C: The portable assembler .................................................................22

High-level programming languages ...................................................24

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

programming languages ..................................................................27

Database programming languages ....................................................29

Scripting programming languages ....................................................30

Web-page programming languages ...................................................32

So What’s the Best Programming Language to Learn? .............................34

Chapter 3: How to Write a Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Before You Write Your Program ..................................................................37

The program’s users ...........................................................................38

The target computer ...........................................................................38

Your own programming skill ..............................................................39

The Technical Details of Writing a Program ..............................................40

Prototyping ..........................................................................................41

Choosing a programming language ...................................................42

Defining how the program should work ...........................................43

The Life Cycle of a Typical Program ...........................................................44

The development cycle ......................................................................44

The maintenance cycle .......................................................................45

The upgrade cycle ...............................................................................46

Chapter 4: The Tools of a Computer Programmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Writing Programs in an Editor .....................................................................48

Using a Compiler or an Interpreter .............................................................50

Compilers .............................................................................................50

Interpreters ..........................................................................................51

P-code: A combination compiler and interpreter ...........................51

So what do I use? .................................................................................53

Squashing Bugs with a Debugger ................................................................53

Writing a Help File .........................................................................................55

Creating an Installation Program ................................................................56

Part II: Learning Programming with Liberty BASIC .......59

Chapter 5: Getting Your Hands on a Real Language: Liberty BASIC .. . . . . . . .61

Why Learn Liberty BASIC? ...........................................................................62

Liberty BASIC is (almost) free ...........................................................62

Liberty BASIC is easy ..........................................................................62

Liberty BASIC runs on Windows .......................................................62

You can start using Liberty BASIC today .........................................63

Installing Liberty BASIC ................................................................................63

Loading Liberty BASIC ..................................................................................64

Your First Liberty BASIC Program ...............................................................64

Running a Liberty BASIC program .....................................................65

Saving a Liberty BASIC program ........................................................66

Loading or starting a Liberty BASIC program ..................................67

Using Keystroke Commands in Liberty BASIC ..........................................68

Getting Help Using Liberty BASIC ...............................................................69

Exiting Liberty BASIC ....................................................................................70

Chapter 6: Handling Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Inputting and Outputting Data: The Old-Fashioned Way .........................71

Inputting and Outputting Data: The Modern Way .....................................74

Getting input ........................................................................................74

Displaying output ................................................................................75

Sending Data to the Printer ..........................................................................76

Chapter 7: Variables, Constants, and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Storing Data in Variables ..............................................................................80

Creating a variable ..............................................................................81

Assigning a value to a variable ..........................................................83

Declaring your variables ....................................................................87

Using Constants .............................................................................................90

Commenting Your Code ...............................................................................92

Chapter 8: Crunching Numbers and Playing with Strings . . . . . . . . .95

Adding, Subtracting, Dividing, and Multiplying ........................................95

Using variables ....................................................................................96

Working with precedence ...................................................................97

Using parentheses ...............................................................................99

Using Liberty BASIC’s Built-In Math Functions .......................................100

Manipulating Strings ...................................................................................101

Declaring variables as strings ..........................................................102

Smashing strings together ...............................................................103

Playing with Liberty BASIC’s String Functions ........................................103

Playing with UPPERCASE and lowercase .......................................104

Counting the length of a string ........................................................104

Trimming the front and back of a string .........................................105

Inserting spaces .................................................................................106

Yanking characters out of a string ..................................................106

Looking for a string inside another string ......................................107

Converting strings into numbers (and vice versa) .......................108

Chapter 9: Making Decisions with Control Statements . . . . . . . . . .111

Using Boolean Expressions ........................................................................111

Using variables in Boolean expressions .........................................113

Using Boolean operators ..................................................................114

Exploring IF THEN Statements ..................................................................119

IF THEN ELSE statements .................................................................120

Working with SELECT CASE Statements ..................................................121

Checking a range of values ...............................................................124

Checking a relational operator ........................................................125

Chapter 10: Repeating Yourself with Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Using the WHILE-WEND Loop ....................................................................130

Exiting a WHILE-WEND loop prematurely ......................................131

Endless loops #1: Failing to modify the Boolean expression

inside the loop ...............................................................................132

Endless loops #2: Failing to initialize a Boolean expression

outside the loop .............................................................................133

Looping a Fixed Number of Times ............................................................134

Counting with different numbers ....................................................135

Counting in increments ....................................................................135

Exiting a FOR-NEXT loop prematurely ............................................137

Part III: Advanced Programming with Liberty BASIC ........139

Chapter 11: Writing Large Programs by Using Subprograms . . . . . .141

Breaking the Bad Programming Habits of the Past .................................141

Introducing Structured Programming ......................................................144

Sequential instructions .....................................................................144

Branching instructions .....................................................................144

Looping instructions .........................................................................145

Putting structured programming into practice .............................146

Writing Modular Programs .........................................................................147

Using Subroutines .......................................................................................150

Defining a subroutine ........................................................................151

Passing data to a subroutine ............................................................151

Calling a subroutine ..........................................................................153

Exiting prematurely from a subroutine ..........................................154

Using Functions ...........................................................................................155

Defining a function ............................................................................155

Passing data to a function ................................................................156

Calling a function ...............................................................................156

Exiting prematurely from a function ...............................................158

Passing Data by Value or by Reference ....................................................158

Chapter 12: Drawing Pictures and Making Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Creating a Graphics Control ......................................................................161

Using Turtle Graphics .................................................................................162

Defining line thickness ......................................................................166

Defining line colors ...........................................................................167

Drawing Circles ...........................................................................................168

Drawing Boxes .............................................................................................170

Displaying text .............................................................................................171

Making Sounds ............................................................................................172

Making a beeping noise ....................................................................173

Playing WAV files ................................................................................173

Chapter 13: Saving and Retrieving Stuff in Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Storing Stuff in Text Files ............................................................................175

Creating a new text file .....................................................................176

Putting stuff in a text file ..................................................................176

Adding new stuff to an existing text file .........................................177

Retrieving data from a text file ........................................................178

Storing Stuff in Random-Access Files .......................................................180

Creating a new random-access file ..................................................181

Saving data into a random-access file ............................................183

Retrieving data from a random-access file .....................................184

Saving and Retrieving Data in a Binary File .............................................186

Creating a new binary file .................................................................186

Saving stuff in a binary file ...............................................................187

Changing stuff in a binary file ..........................................................187

Retrieving stuff from a binary file ...................................................189

Chapter 14: Creating a User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Designing a Window ....................................................................................191

Creating a new window .....................................................................192

Defining the size and location of a window ...................................193

Adding color to a window ................................................................194

Putting Pull-Down Menus in a Window ....................................................195

Making Pop-Up Menus ................................................................................198

Putting Controls in a Window ....................................................................200

Creating a command button ............................................................200

Displaying text ...................................................................................203

Creating a check box .........................................................................204

Creating a radio button .....................................................................205

Creating text boxes ...........................................................................207

Creating list boxes .............................................................................209

Creating combo boxes ......................................................................211

Creating group boxes ........................................................................213

Chapter 15: Debugging Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Anatomy of a Computer Bug ......................................................................215

Syntax Errors ...............................................................................................216

Run-Time Errors ..........................................................................................218

Fun with Logic Errors .................................................................................219

Stepping line by line ..........................................................................220

Tracing through your program ........................................................221

Part IV: Dealing with Data Structures ........................223

Chapter 16: Storing Stuff in Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

Making an Array ..........................................................................................226

Storing (and Retrieving) Data in an Array ...............................................228

Making a Multidimensional Array .............................................................230

Creating Dynamic Arrays ...........................................................................232

Chapter 17: Lumping Related Data in Records . . . .  . . . . . . . . .235

Creating a Record ........................................................................................236

Manipulating Data in Records ...................................................................237

Storing data in a record ....................................................................237

Retrieving data from a record ..........................................................238

Using Records with Arrays ........................................................................239

Chapter 18: Linked Lists and Pointers . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Starting with a Pointer ................................................................................241

Defining the parts of a linked list ....................................................243

Creating a linked list .........................................................................245

Managing a linked list .......................................................................247

Making Data Structures with Linked Lists ...............................................249

Double-linked lists .............................................................................249

Circular-linked lists ...........................................................................250

Stacks ..................................................................................................251

Queues ................................................................................................252

Trees ...................................................................................................253

Graphs .................................................................................................254

Chapter 19: Playing with Object-Oriented Programming . . . . . . . . .255

The Problem with Software .......................................................................256

Ways to Make Programming Easier ..........................................................256

Breaking Programs into Objects ...............................................................258

How to use objects ............................................................................259

How to create an object ....................................................................261

Writing an object’s methods ............................................................262

Creating an object .............................................................................263

Choosing an Object-Oriented Language ...................................................265

Part V: Algorithms: Telling the Computer What to Do ..................267

Chapter 20: Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269

Insertion Sort ...............................................................................................270

Bubble Sort ..................................................................................................273

Shell Sort ......................................................................................................276

Quicksort ......................................................................................................280

Sorting Algorithms ......................................................................................283

Chapter 21: Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

Searching Sequentially ...............................................................................287

Performing a Binary Search .......................................................................289

Hashing .........................................................................................................292

Dealing with collisions ......................................................................293

Searching by using a hash function ................................................294

Picking a Searching Algorithm ...................................................................297

Chapter 22: Optimizing Your Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

Choosing the Right Data Structure ...........................................................300

Choosing the Right Algorithm ...................................................................300

Fine-Tuning the Source Code .....................................................................301

Put the condition most likely to be false first ................................301

Put the condition most likely to be true first ................................302

Don’t run a FOR-NEXT loop needlessly ..........................................303

Clean out your loops .........................................................................304

Use the correct data types ...............................................................304

Use built-in commands whenever possible ...................................306

Using a Faster Language .............................................................................306

Optimizing Your Compiler .........................................................................307

Part VI: Internet Programming ..................................309

Chapter 23: Playing with HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

Grasping the Basics of HTML ....................................................................312

Grasping the most important HTML tags .......................................313

Creating a header and title ...............................................................313

Defining the bulk of your Web page ................................................314

Adding comments .............................................................................314

Defining Text with Tags ..............................................................................315

Making a heading ...............................................................................315

Defining a paragraph .........................................................................316

Highlighting a quote ..........................................................................317

Adding emphasis to text ...................................................................318

Using Tag Attributes ...................................................................................319

Aligning text .......................................................................................319

Playing with colors ............................................................................319

Coloring your hyperlinks ..................................................................320

Making a List ................................................................................................321

Unordered lists ..................................................................................321

Ordered lists ......................................................................................323

Definition lists ....................................................................................323

Creating Hyperlinks ....................................................................................325

Making external hyperlinks ..............................................................326

Making internal hyperlinks ..............................................................326

Linking to a specific spot on a Web page .......................................326

Displaying Graphics ....................................................................................327

Putting a picture on a Web page ......................................................328

Adding a background picture ..........................................................329

Creating a User Interface on a Form .........................................................329

Handling events .................................................................................330

Creating a text box ............................................................................331

Creating a command button ............................................................332

Creating a check box .........................................................................333

Creating a radio button .....................................................................335

Deciding to Use Additional HTML Features .............................................337

Chapter 24: Making Interactive Web Pages with JavaScript . . . . .339

Understanding the Basics of JavaScript ...................................................340

Displaying text ...................................................................................341

Creating variables ..............................................................................342

Making dialog boxes .........................................................................343

Playing with Functions ...............................................................................345

Opening and Closing a Window .................................................................347

Opening a window .............................................................................348

Defining a window’s appearance .....................................................348

Closing a window ...............................................................................349

Chapter 25: Using Java Applets on Web Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .351

How Java Applets Work ..............................................................................351

Adding a Java Applet to a Web Page .........................................................354

Defining the size of a Java applet window .....................................354

Aligning the location of a Java applet window ..............................355

Defining space around a Java applet ..............................................356

Finding Free Java Applets ..........................................................................358

Part VII: The Part of Tens ..........................................359

Chapter 26: Ten Cool Programming Careers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361

Programming Computer Games for Fun and Profit ................................361

Creating Computer Animation ...................................................................363

Making (and Breaking) Encryption ...........................................................364

Internet Programming ................................................................................365

Fighting Computer Viruses and Worms ...................................................366

Hacking for Hire ...........................................................................................367

Participating in an Open-Source Project ..................................................368

Niche-Market Programming .......................................................................369

Teaching Others about Computers ...........................................................369

Selling Your Own Software .........................................................................370

Chapter 27: Ten Additional Programming Resources . . . . . . . . . . . .371

Trying Commercial Compilers ...................................................................372

Windows programming .....................................................................372

Macintosh and Palm OS programming ...........................................374

Linux programming ...........................................................................375

Testing the Shareware and Freeware Compilers .....................................376

BASIC compilers ................................................................................376

C/C++ and Java compilers ................................................................377

Pascal compilers ...............................................................................377

Oddball language compilers and interpreters ...............................378

Using a Proprietary Language ...................................................................378

HyperCard ..........................................................................................379

Revolution ..........................................................................................380

PowerBuilder .....................................................................................380

Shopping by Mail Order .............................................................................380

Getting Your Hands on Source Code ........................................................381

Joining a Local User Group ........................................................................382

Frequenting Usenet Newsgroups ..............................................................382

Playing Core War .........................................................................................383

Programming a Battling Robot ..................................................................384

Toying with Lego Mindstorms ...................................................................385

Appendix: About the CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387

System Requirements .................................................................................387

Using the CD with Microsoft Windows .....................................................388

Using the CD with Mac OS ..........................................................................389

Using the CD with Linux ............................................................................389

What You’ll Find ..........................................................................................390

Software ..............................................................................................390

If You’ve Got Problems (Of the CD Kind) .................................................392

Bonus Chapter: Programming in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CD-1

Understanding Python .............................................................................CD-1

Playing with data ..............................................................................CD-3

Data structures .................................................................................CD-5

Comments ........................................................................................CD-7

Using Control Structures...........................................................................CD-8

Using Control Structures...........................................................................CD-9

The while statement ......................................................................CD-10

The for statement...........................................................................CD-10

Writing Subprograms in Python.............................................................CD-11

Index ......................................................................395

End-User License Agreement .....................................413

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