Achaean League — Dorian Invasion of Greece
Edited by
Thomas J. Sienkewicz
Monmouth College, Illinois
Salem Press, Inc.
Pasadena, California Hackensack, New Jersey
1. Greece—History—To 146 B.C. 2. Greece—History—146 B.C.-323 A.D.
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ISBN-13 ISBN-10
| 978-1-58765-281-3 (set : alk. paper) 1-58765-281-1 (set : alk. paper) |
Copyright©
| 2007, by Salem Press, Inc |
Ancient Greek civilization—the heroic tales of Homer and the philosophical
musings of Plato, the bloody Peloponnesian Wars between Athens
and Sparta and the vast empire of Alexander the Great—served as the
touchstone for much of Western history that followed. Ancient Greece is a
three-volume, A-Z survey of Greek history and culture from its earliest archaeological
remains until the Battle of Actium in 31 b.c.e., when Greek
civilization merged with Roman to become Greco-Roman civilization, that
is sure to fascinate students and general readers of all ages.
The 315 essays in this work range in length from 1 to 8 pages. They include
general overviews of such topics as art and architecture, daily life and
customs, education and training, government and law, language and dialects,
literature, medicine and health, mythology, the performing arts, philosophy,
religion and ritual, science, sports and entertainment, warfare, and
women’s life. Biographical entries cover statesmen, military leaders, artists,
writers, scientists, and philosophers. Descriptive entries examine
types of literature, battles, and philosophical movements.
By design, Magill’s Choice reference sets compile and update previously
published material from Salem Press in order to produce affordable
and useful works. Ancient Greece brings together relevant essays from six
different sets: Great Events from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-
476 C.E. (2004), Great Lives from History: The Ancient World, Prehistory-
476 C.E. (2004), Cyclopedia of World Authors, Fourth Revised Edition
(2004), Encyclopedia of the Ancient World (2002), Weapons and Warfare
(2002), and Magill’s Guide to Military History (2001). For each of these
essays, the bibliography was brought up to date with the latest sources. In
addition, 29 essays were newly commissioned specifically for Ancient
Greece, making the work the only comprehensive source on this subject
matter from Salem Press.
Each biographical essay in the set identifies the figure’s field of accomplishment,
such as “Playwright” or “Statesman.” Entries on rulers also provide
locations and date ranges, such as “King of Seleucid Dynasty (r. 223-
187 b.c.e.).” The best information about year and place of birth and death is
provided; in some cases, only the century in when an individual flourished
is known. Each topical essay begins with a brief summary and provides in
formation on date and locale, where applicable. Every entry, both biographical
and topical, then identifies one or more categories in which the
essay belongs:
• agriculture • art and architecture • astronomy and cosmology
• cities and civilizations • daily life • economics
• education • expansion and land acquisition • geography
• government and politics • historic sites • historiography
• language • law • literature • mathematics
• medicine • military • music • oratory and rhetoric
• organizations and institutions • philosophy • poetry
• religion and mythology • scholarship • science and technology
• sports • theater and drama • trade and commerce
• treaties and diplomacy • wars and battles • women
The main text of each essay includes a phonetic rendering of the name of
the profiled figure or topic on the first mention, such as (EHS-kih-neez) for
Aeschines; a Key to Pronunciation is provided at the beginning of each volume.
Biographical essays include subheadings called “Life” and “Influence.”
Most entries on topics offer the sections “Summary” and “Significance.”
Longer overviews use topical subheadings to guide readers
through the text. All essays end with a “Further Reading” section of additional
resources, an author byline, and “See also” cross-references directing
readers to related entries within Ancient Greece.
At the beginning of all three volumes are a Complete List of Contents,
the Key to Pronunciation, and three maps showing ancient Greece from
different periods: the seventh century b.c.e., during the Archaic Age; the
fifth century b.c.e., during the Classical Age; and 185 b.c.e., during the
Hellenistic Age. At the end of volume 3 are six appendixes: a Time Line of
important events from 2600 to 31 b.c.e.; a Glossary of more than 150
terms; a Bibliography of helpful sources; a list of Web Sites about ancient
Greece; a list of Literary Works arranged by author; and an annotated list of
Historic Sites, including Web sites.
Three indexes provide multiple access to the text: a Category Index, a
Personages Index of people discussed in the entries, and a comprehensive
Subject Index of concepts, names, titles, and places. In addition, the set is
fully illustrated with more than 150 photographs, lists, tables, maps, and
other useful sidebars to help bring ancient Greece to life.
We would like to thank our Editor, Thomas J. Sienkewicz, the Minnie
Billings Capron Professor of Classics at Monmouth College, for his invaluable
expertise. Our gratitude is also extended to the outstanding scholars
who contributed material to this work; a list of their names and affiliations follows.
Table of Contents
Publisher’s Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Complete List of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Key to Pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
Achaean League . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Achaean War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Achilles Painter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Battle of Actium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Battle of Aegospotami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Aeschines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Aeschylus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Aesop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Aetolian League. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Agariste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Agathon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Agesilaus II of Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Alcaeus of Lesbos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Alcibiades of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Alcmaeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Alcman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Alexander the Great. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Alexander the Great’s Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Alexandrian Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Amasis Painter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Amazons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Anacreon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Anaxagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Anaximander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Anaximenes of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Andocides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Antigonid Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Antiochus the Great . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Antipater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Antiphon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Antisthenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Anyte of Tegea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Apollodorus of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Apollodorus of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Apollonius of Perga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Apollonius Rhodius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Aratus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Archaic Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Archidamian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Archidamus II of Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Archidamus III of Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Archilochus of Paros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Archytas of Tarentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Argead Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Aristarchus of Samos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Aristarchus of Samothrace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Aristides of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Aristides of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Aristippus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Aristophanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Aristotle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Aristoxenus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Art and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Artemisia I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Artemisia II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Aspasia of Miletus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Athenian Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Athenian Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Athenian Invasion of Sicily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Attalid Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Bacchylides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Bion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Brasidas of Sparta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Bucolic Poetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Calendars and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Callicrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Callimachus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Carthaginian-Syracusan War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Cassander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Battle of Chaeronea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Cimon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Classical Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Cleisthenes of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Cleisthenes of Sicyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Cleomenes I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Cleomenes II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Cleomenes III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Cleon of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Cleopatra VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Coins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Colossus of Rhodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Corinna of Tanagra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Sack of Corinth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Corinthian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Cosmology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Crates of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Cratinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Crete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Critias of Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Croesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Battle of Cunaxa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Cyclades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Cynicism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Battle of Cynoscephalae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Cypselus of Corinth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Daily Life and Customs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Death and Burial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Delphic Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Demetrius Phalereus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Demetrius Poliorcetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Democritus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Demosthenes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Wars of the Diadochi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Diocles of Carystus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Diodorus Siculus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Diogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Dionysius the Elder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Dionysius the Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Dorian Invasion of Greece. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
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