Advances in Mobile and Wireless Communications. Springer

Istv´an Frigyes · J´anos Bit´o · P´eter Bakki (Eds.)

Views of the 16th IST Mobile and Wireless Communication Summit

All are but parts of one stupendous whole,
Whose body Nature is, and God the soul; -
Alexander Pope

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Advances in Mobile and Wireless Communications
Preface
Lectori Salutem!

 This is another book – among the myriads – dealing with wireless
communications. The reader might be aware: this topic is really among
bestsellers in technology – bestsellers in technology itself and that in
technical literature. Communications is one of the leading techniques in
information society and mobile/wireless communications is one among the
(maybe not more than two with optics the second) leading techniques in communications.

 Development of wireless communications was and is really spectacular
in the last decade of the 20th and first decade of the 21st century.
Such topics as MIMO, wireless networking, security in the technological
field, new business models in the service providing field, various
applications in the users’ side, to mention a few only, were undergoing
an unprecedented evolution. So it is not surprising that the number of
conferences and the number of books in this field grows and grows, in a nearly unbounded way.

 I strongly hope that in spite of this abundance our book yields some
valid contribution to this mass. It is a sample (I feel and hope: a rather
significant sample) of what was achieved in the last year/last few years in
this field in the world. It is also a sample of what topics are felt as
important in Information Society Technology by the European Union. And
also a sample of what was felt as important by this conference, the 16th IST
Mobile and Wireless communication Summit. Our effort was to put
together a valid show of communications’ art by these samples.
Dear Reader: enjoy this book!
Prof. István Frigyes
Budapest University
of Technology and Economics


Introduction
I. Frigyes

The conference-series called in recent years IST Mobile and Wireless
Communication Summit grew during its 16 years of history to a major
conference being very likely the most important in its subject in Europe.
The original aim of the Summits was to report on the progress of European
Union-sponsored R&D projects; however, they became general open call
conferences, with covered subjects much wider than these projects. Its
16th edition having been held 1–5 July 2007 in Budapest Hungary was
similar to its predecessors, in subject, in niveau and in the number of participants.
This book is a selection of the topics covered in the conference. Authors
of about 15% of the presented papers were invited to contribute to the
book, with extended versions of their papers. The result is the present
book. (Interestingly enough, the final selection contains, by chance, 10
chapters strictly related to EU projects and 10 being independent from these.)
The book, divided into six parts comprises twenty chapters. The four
chapters of Part I deal with problems of the physical layer. 
Chapter 1 written by Bauch and Kusume investigates high performance (multidimensional)
zigzag codes; the main problem here is interleaver design;
attempt of optimization is made. Next two chapters deal with MIMO tech-
niques. Chapter 2 (Sigdel and Krzymien) proposes and investigates two
novel algorithms for scheduling and antenna selection in Orthogonal
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) multiuser MIMO downlink. In
Chapter 3 Yu and Alexiou, after briefly describing spatial multiplexing and
diversity performance of MIMO transmission investigate the effect of
various errors. In Chapter 4 (by Marsch and Fettweiss) various aspects and
advantages of multi-base-station cooperation are discussed.
Two chapters of Part II deal with access. Chapter 5 written by
Kovács and Vidács deals with the resource allocation (RA) problem
from a techno-economic point of view. They propose a novel pricing
method which enhances tolerance of users toward other users of the
network. Chapter 6 (by Maciel and Klein) investigates and compares
two approaches of RA in the case of Orthogonal SDMA-FDMA; with
their proposed (sub-optimal) method the targeted maximizing of the
weighted capacity is fairly well achieved.
Various techniques and technologies are collected in Part III. Chapter 7
(Gappmair & al.) describes a “blind” SNR estimator being unbiased at intermediate
SNR magnitudes; blind means here needing neither clock nor
carrier synchronization. Chapter 8 and 9 are about channel characterization.
Héder and Bitó in chapter 8 propose an N-state Markov chain for
modeling the non-stationary process of rain attenuation; a method for terrestrial
link design is based on that model. In Chapter 9 (by Csurgai-
Horváth and Bitó) multipath-fade-duration is modeled; based on their
model fade attenuation time series for mobile satellite links is designed.
Chapter 10 written by Lücke & al. gives a very detailed description of the
design of a receiver antenna array for small satellite ground stations: of
channel model, requirements, conformal array design, beamforming and
implementation. Chapter 11 by Knappmeyer & al. deals with scheduling
techniques in mixed broadcast/multicast services.
Three chapters of Part IV are devoted to networks. Chapter 12 written
by Li and Kohno, deals with Body Area Networks. This is a somewhat exceptional
topic in this book; while belonging strictly to wireless communications
I have the feeling that it is rather unknown among average radio
engineers. Therefore two chapters of ICT in healthcare are included, both
being of rather tutorial character; this chapter is the first among them dealing
with network aspects – the second is in Part VI, systems. Chapter 13
and 14 are dealing with heterogeneous networks. That of Sachs & al transfer
Application requirements to Radio Resource characteristics in order to
make appropriate access possible in a scenario of various applications and
various resources. To do that appropriate abstraction of available network
characteristics is proposed. Pérez-Romero & al in chapter 14 advocate for
a distributed resource management in a heterogeneous network in which
decision on the choice of radio access technology is made in the user terminal;
a simulated case study shows that compared to central management
with this choice overhead needed is significantly less and so throughput is higher.

Part V deals with applications. In Chapter 15 Bormann & al. discuss
business models for what is called Local Mobile Services; they discuss the
role of each of the more-than-usual players in this type of services and
propose principles of billing/pricing. Chapter 16 by Kálmán and Noll deal
with content security. While personal communication becomes more and
more widespread this issue is of great importance; the chapter discusses
two situations – commercial and self-generated content, respectively – and
proposes criteria and solutions for sufficient security.
Part VI contains a pot-pourri of various systems. Chapter 17 by
Vasquez-Castro & al is about cross-layer optimization of Voice-over-IP in
satellite systems; two different systems are investigated for codec-rateadaptation
in a Ka band GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellite link; the
aim is to reduce delay and delay jitter; feasibility of the proposed methods
is shown. Chapter 18 by Giggenbach & al. deals with a rather special system:
possibilities to transmit the huge amount of information collected by
optical Earth observation satellites; it is shown that classical microwave
transmission is hardly applicable, optical downlink being much more suitable;
two systems are investigated, a purely optical and a mixed optical/
HAP system. Chapter 19 by Hämäläinen & al is the second dealing
with wireless healthcare; thisone gives a descripton of system aspects of
the wireless hospital system. Chapter 20 written by Faigl & al develops a
queuing-theory-based analysis model of the performance overheads of IPsec,
which can be applied in various mobility scenarios; based on that, decision
for the best security configuration can be made by specifying the
trade-off between security and performance.

As it is usually the case with similar works: there is no unified concept
in this book. However, similarly to mosaics: individual building blocks being
completely independent consolidate finally to a more unique picture.
The picture, in our case, is: constantly advancing wireless communications.
We hope that the ensemble of our mosaic building blocks yield a valid
contribution to the general picture.


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Product details
 Price
 File Size
 11,504 KB
 Pages
  416 p
 File Type
  PDF format
 ISBN
 e-ISBN
 978-3-540-79040-2
 978-3-540-79041-9
 Copyright
 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 

Contents
Contributors...........................XVII
Preface ............................. XXIII
Introduction..................... XXV
Part I Physical
1 Interleaving Strategies for Multidimensional Concatenated Zigzag Codes
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................3
1.2 Zigzag Codes.................................................................................4
1.2.1 Encoding of Zigzag Codes ..................................................4
1.3 Multiple Interleavers .....................................................................6
1.3.1 Problem ...............................................................................6
1.3.2 Congruential Interleavers ....................................................8
1.3.3 Cyclic Shifted Multiple Interleavers ...................................9
1.3.4 UMTS Based Interleaver.....................................................9
1.3.5 Interleavers for Zigzag Codes ...........................................11
1.4 Simulation Results.......................................................................16
1.5 Conclusions .................................................................................19
References ...........................................................................................19
2 Simplified Channel-Aware Greedy Scheduling and
Antenna Selection Algorithms for Multiuser MIMO
Systems Employing Orthogonal Space Division Multiplexing
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................23
2.2 System Model..............................................................................26
2.2.1 Block Diagonalization (BD) .............................................27
2.2.2 Successive Optimization (SO) ..........................................28
2.3 Fair Scheduling and Antenna Selection Algorithms ...................29
2.3.1 Joint User and Antenna Selection for Block
Diagonalization (BD) ........................................................30
2.3.2 Joint User and Antenna Selection for Successive
Optimization (SO).............................................................34
2.3.3 Subspace Correlation Based User Grouping.....................38
2.4 Impact of Receive Antenna Selection (RAS)..............................40
2.4.1 Receive Antenna Selection Algorithm 1 (RAS-I)............. 41
2.4.2 Receive Antenna Selection Algorithm 2 (RAS-II) ...........41
2.5 Simulation Results.......................................................................42
2.5.1 Correlation Threshold .......................................................42
2.5.2 Average Sum Rate Performance .......................................44
2.6 Conclusions .................................................................................49
Acknowledgements ............................................................................. 49
References ...........................................................................................50
3 On the Impact of Channel Estimation and Quantization
Errors for Various Spatio-Temporal Transmission Schemes
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................53
3.2 Single Link MIMO Transmission ...............................................54
3.2.1 System Model ...................................................................54
3.2.2 Transmission Schemes ......................................................55
3.3 Multi-User Downlink MIMO Transmission ...............................58
3.3.1 System Model ...................................................................59
3.3.2 ZF Precoding for Multi-User Downlink Transmission .....59
3.4 Impact of Channel Estimation Errors at Receiver .......................59
3.4.1 Channel Estimation Error Model ...................................... 59
3.4.2 Simulation Results ............................................................61
3.5 Impact of Channel Quantization Errors at Transmitter ...............62
3.5.1 Random Vector Quantization............................................ 63
3.5.2 Simulation Results ............................................................64
3.6 Concluding Remarks and Further Comments ............................. 68
References ...........................................................................................69
4 On Multi-Cell Cooperative Signal Processing
in Backhaul-Constrained Cellular Systems
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................71
4.2 Notation.......................................................................................72
4.3 System Model..............................................................................72
4.3.1 Optimization Framework ..................................................74
4.3.2 Optimization Problem .......................................................78
4.4 Optimization Approach ...............................................................79
4.4.1 User Grouping...................................................................80
4.4.2 Virtual MIMO Configuration............................................ 82
4.4.3 Beamforming Matrices......................................................82
4.4.4 Power Allocation...............................................................85
4.5 A Closer View on Subsystem Partitioning..................................86
4.6 Simulation Results.......................................................................89
4.7 Conclusions .................................................................................93
References ...........................................................................................94
Part II Access
5 One-Shot Multi-Bid Auction and Pricing
in Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Networks 
5.1 Introduction .................................................................................99
5.1.1 Trading and Liberalization................................................99
5.1.2 Rights and Obligations....................................................100
5.1.3 Interference .....................................................................100
5.2 Related Works ...........................................................................101
5.3 Spatio-temporal DSA Model.....................................................102
5.3.1 Interference and Spectrum Efficiency.............................102
5.3.2 Feasible Allocation..........................................................104
5.3.3 Interference Tolerance ....................................................105
5.4 Pricing Scheme in the Proposed DSA Model............................105
5.4.1 Inputs...............................................................................105
5.4.2 Allocation and Pricing Rules ..........................................106
5.5 Example.....................................................................................108
5.6 Conclusion.................................................................................111
References .........................................................................................112
6 Resource Allocation Strategies for SDMA/OFDMA Systems
6.1 Introduction ...............................................................................115
6.2 System Model............................................................................117
6.3 Space-Frequency/Time Resource Allocation ............................119
6.3.1 SDMA Algorithm: Greedy Regularized
Correlation-Based Algorithm..........................................120
6.3.2 Frequency/Time Assignment Algorithm:
Group-to-Resource Assignment......................................121
6.3.3 Resource Allocation Strategy..........................................123
6.4 Frequency/Time-Space Resource Allocation ............................124
6.4.1 SDMA Algorithm: Successive Projections Algorithm ...124
6.4.2 Frequency/Time Assignment Algorithm:
User-to-Resource Assignment ........................................125
6.4.3 Resource Allocation Strategy..........................................126
6.5 Analysis and Simulation Results ...............................................126
6.6 Conclusions ...............................................................................132
References .........................................................................................132
Part III Techniques and Technologies
7 Moment-Based Estimation of the Signal-to-Noise
Ratio for Oversampled Narrowband Signals
7.1 Introduction ...............................................................................137
7.2 Equivalent Baseband Model...................................................... 137
7.3 Moment-Based SNR Estimation ............................................... 138
7.4 Computation of the Correlation Index....................................... 140
7.5 Higher-Order Statistics..............................................................142
7.6 Simulation Results.....................................................................144
7.7 Conclusions ...............................................................................147
References .........................................................................................147
8 Estimation of Rain Attenuation Distribution on Terrestrial
Microwave Links with General N-State Markov Model
8.1 Introduction ...............................................................................149
8.2 Stationary Examination of Rain Attenuation Process ............... 150
8.3 The N-state Markov Model ....................................................... 151
8.4 Model Parameterization ............................................................154
8.5 Applying the Proposed Model for a Designated Link............... 157
8.6 Results .......................................................................................158
8.7 Conclusion.................................................................................160
Acknowledgement ............................................................................. 161
References .........................................................................................161
9 An Investigation of the Applicability of Fade Duration
Markov Model in Attenuation Time Series Synthesis
for Multipath Fading Channel
9.1 Introduction ...............................................................................163
9.2 Description of the Measured Data............................................. 164
9.3 Stationarity Investigations of the Attenuation Process.............. 164
9.4 Event Modeling with Two-State Markov Chain ....................... 167
9.5 The Attenuation Threshold Dependent Fade Duration
Model ........................................................................................ 168
9.6 From the Fade Duration Model to the Two-State
Fade/Non-fade Model................................................................ 171
9.7 Simulate a Single Fading Event ................................................ 173
9.8 Modeling the Scintillation ......................................................... 176
9.9 Evaluation of the Synthesized Time Series ............................... 176
9.10 Summary ...................................................................................178
Acknowledgment...............................................................................179
References .........................................................................................179
10 Cost-Optimised Active Receive Array Antenna
for Mobile Satellite Terminals
10.1 Introduction ...............................................................................181
10.2 System Scenario ........................................................................181
10.3 Simulation Assessments ............................................................182
10.3.1 Environmental Conditions..............................................182
10.3.2 Directional Land Mobile Satellite Channel Model.........183
10.3.3 Conformal Array Simulations ........................................187
10.4 Antenna Design .........................................................................190
10.5 Digital Beamforming.................................................................193
10.5.1 Implementation Aspects .................................................195
10.6 Conclusions ...............................................................................199
References .........................................................................................199
11 Scheduling Techniques for Mobile Broadcast
and Multicast Services
11.1 Introduction ...............................................................................201
11.2 Problem Analysis ......................................................................202
11.2.1 Introduction of MBMS...................................................202
11.2.2 Scheduling and Congestion Control in MBMS..............203
11.3 Concepts and Algorithms ..........................................................205
11.3.1 Dynamic MBMS Resource Scheduler............................205
11.3.2 Scheduling of Carousel Services ....................................209
11.3.3 Scheduling of Streaming Services..................................212
11.4 Performance Evaluation ............................................................215
11.4.1 Evaluation of Scheduling for Carousel Services ............215
11.4.2 Evaluation of Scheduling for Streaming Services..........216
11.4.3 Evaluation of Dynamic MBMS Resource Scheduler .....217
11.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................217
Acknowledgment...............................................................................219
References .........................................................................................219
Part IV Networks
12 Body Area Network and Its Standardization at IEEE 802.15.BAN
12.1 Introduction ...............................................................................223
12.2 SG-BAN and BAN Definition...................................................224
12.3 BAN Applications and Usage Models ......................................227
12.3.1 Medical and Healthcare Applications ............................ 227
12.3.2 Applications for Assisting Persons with Disabilities ..... 229
12.3.3 Entertainment Applications ............................................231
12.4 Some Short-Range Technologies and a Prototype BAN...........232
12.4.1 BAN Requirements and Some Short-Range
Wireless Technologies ................................................... 232
12.4.2 A Prototype BAN System ..............................................233
12.5 Issues in Discussion and Future Work ......................................235
12.5.1 Wearable BAN and Implant BAN ................................. 235
12.5.2 Frequency regulations ....................................................236
12.6 Conclusion.................................................................................237
References .........................................................................................237
13 Generic Abstraction of Access Performance and
Resources for Multi-Radio Access Management
13.1 Introduction ...............................................................................239
13.2 Multi-Radio Access Architecture ..............................................240
13.3 Service Requirements................................................................242
13.3.1 Reliability Requirements of Applications...................... 243
13.3.2 Rate Requirements of Applications ............................... 243
13.3.3 Delay Requirements of Applications .............................244
13.4 Service Specification.................................................................244
13.5 Generic Access Performance Abstraction ................................. 246
13.6 Generic Access Resource Abstraction.......................................248
13.6.1 Generic Access Resource Metrics..................................248
13.6.2 Access Resource Structures and Combined
Access Resource Metrics ...............................................251
13.7 Access Selection Process...........................................................253
13.7.1 Policy-based Access Selection....................................... 254
13.7.2 Dynamic Access Selection.............................................254
13.8 Conclusion.................................................................................257
Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 258
References .........................................................................................258
14 A Decentralized RAT Selection Algorithm Enabled by IEEE P1900.4
14.1 Introduction ...............................................................................261
14.2 RAT Selection Enablers Defined by IEEE P1900.4.................. 263
14.3 Case Study: Interference Reduction through
Decentralized RAT selection..................................................... 265
14.4 Simulation Model......................................................................269
14.5 Results in a Single Service Scenario .........................................270
14.6 Results in a Multi-service Scenario...........................................272
14.7 Conclusions ...............................................................................275
Acknowledgement .............................................................................276
References .........................................................................................276
Part V Applications ...............................................................................279
15 Business Models for Local Mobile Services Enabled by
Convergent Online Charging
15.1 Introduction ...............................................................................281
15.2 Business Models for Mobile Services .......................................282
15.2.1 The LOMS Role Model .................................................282
15.2.2 Categories of Mobile Services & Different
Charge Types .................................................................284
15.3 A News Publishing Scenario .....................................................286
15.3.1 Charging of Service Usage and Revenue Sharing .........286
15.3.2 Mobile User Outside the Event Area .............................288
15.3.3 Mobile user inside the event area...................................289
15.3.4 Requirements for Convergent Online Charging.............290
15.4 Extending Charging and Billing Systems..................................290
15.4.1 Design of the Online Charging Interfaces......................292
15.4.2 System Design and Benefits...........................................293
15.5 Conclusion & Outlook...............................................................294
References .........................................................................................295
16 Rights Management for User Content
16.1 Introduction ...............................................................................297
16.2 Background ...............................................................................298
16.3 Devices in the Home Network ..................................................300
16.4 Rights Management...................................................................301
16.5 Usage Scenarios ........................................................................302
16.5.1 Commercial Content ......................................................303
16.5.2 User Content ..................................................................305
16.6 Authentication and Encryption..................................................307
16.7 Service Architecture ..................................................................308
16.8 Future Work ..............................................................................310
16.9 Conclusion.................................................................................311
References .........................................................................................311
Part VI Systems
17 Distributed Cross-Layer Approaches for VoIP Rate Control
over DVB-S2/RCS
17.1 Introduction ...............................................................................315
17.2 System Model............................................................................316
17.2.1 Centralized vs. Distributed Approaches.........................317
17.3 QoS Model ................................................................................318
17.4 RTCP-Driven Cross-Layer Distributed VoIP Rate Control ......319
17.4.1 RTCP Reports ................................................................319
17.4.2 Bank of Narrowband Non-Adaptive Codecs .................320
17.5 AMR-WB-Based Cross-Layer VoIP Distributed Rate Control 320
17.5.1 AMR-WB Codec............................................................321
17.5.2 Cross-layer VoIP Rate Control ......................................321
17.6 Delay Budget Model and Performance Model.......................... 322
17.7 Numerical Results .....................................................................324
17.8 Conclusion.................................................................................329
References .........................................................................................329
18 Optical Satellite Downlinks to Optical Ground Stations and
High-Altitude Platforms
18.1 Introduction ...............................................................................331
18.2 Solving the Challenge of Cloud-Blockage ................................ 332
18.3 System Comparison...................................................................333
18.3.1 Earth Observation Scenario............................................ 333
18.3.2 State of the Art RF Downlink ........................................ 333
18.3.3 Proposed RF Downlink..................................................334
18.3.4 Proposed Optical Downlink ........................................... 334
18.3.5 Proposed Combined RF-Optical Downlink ................... 335
18.3.6 Proposed GEO Relay ..................................................... 335
18.3.7 Proposed HAP Relay .....................................................336
18.4 Comparison of Downlink Scenarios.......................................... 338
18.5 Cloud Cover Statistics and OGS-Diversity ............................... 338
18.6 Availability of OGS-Networks..................................................340
18.6.1 OGS Network within Germany...................................... 341
18.6.2 OGS Network within Europe ......................................... 342
18.6.3 World Wide OGS Network............................................342
18.7 Wavelength Selection and Terminal Architecture..................... 344
18.8 Conclusion.................................................................................348
References .........................................................................................349
19 Wireless Applications in Healthcare and Welfare
19.1 Introduction ...............................................................................351
19.2 Wireless Hospital Concept ........................................................352
19.2.1 Network Topologies.......................................................354
19.3 Application Areas......................................................................358
19.3.1 Wireless Hospital ...........................................................358
19.3.2 Wireless Sensors ............................................................361
19.3.3 Sport Training ................................................................362
19.3.4 Enterprise Resource Planning System ...........................362
19.4 Conclusions and Future Visions................................................362
Acknowledgment...............................................................................363
References .........................................................................................363
20 Analytical Analysis of the Performance 
Overheads of IPsec in MIPv6 Scenarios
20.1 Introduction ...............................................................................365
20.2 Security Configurations.............................................................366
20.3 Reference Scenario and Network Model...................................368
20.4 Performance Analysis................................................................369
20.4.1 Calculation Method........................................................370
20.4.2 Input Parameters ............................................................373
20.4.3 Results............................................................................378
20.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Work.....................................383
Acknowledgments ...................384
References ..............384
Index................387

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